The Definitive Approach for Professional Development Essay Samples

The Definitive Approach for Professional Development Essay Samples Leadership comes in several ways no matter the position at work stratification in relation to the rank. The available opportunities also significantly helped in the progression of the feasible mechanisms to effectively realize the necessary development plans. Ongoing professional development is the sole method to make sure that you're competent and skilful in your role. The growth of leadership skills is vital since they help to attain both personal and professional success. Planning is essential as it provides a medium for someone to set goals and choose how they will need to be achieved. Everyone else was prepared to begin the meeting on the hour. All About Professional Development Essay Samples The very first thing we should cover is what you may include in the professional development section. More information is probably going to be available about why certain methods are somewhat more powerful than o thers. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. A great access of information also provides a great chance to enhance my academic and expert performance. The personal development program is quite significant in enabling the tracking of developmental changes that are essential for the achievement of set goals. Most careers require that the individual has specific understanding, education, or a particular degree once it comes to furthering or advancing in their career. A promotion will normally be a long-lasting goal that you're able to work towards overtime. Remember, it is a very long journey of up and downs. A career is just one of the most essential things in your life, and with the properly planned career and career targets, you'll be in a position to achieve what you would like from your career in the most effective way possible. When you set goals, you own a path for your trip. To keep from veering off track, it's helpful to prepare career objectives. Using Professional Development Essay Samples There hasn't been any significant difference in my performance, which isn't satisfactory. At first, the achievement of certain expert expertise is the desire of the majority of professionals. Moreover, it's also a means to make sure that the expert placement experience time is effectively managed by planning about what to do and what things to reach. In the example of communication or customer care, training and continuous appraisal will be done in order to guarantee effectiveness. As professionals, acquiring a goal makes it poss ible for us to come to work each day with a very clear purpose in mind. You might not be too fond of some individuals, but it's still true that you will need to understand how to set your own personal differences aside. Rather than waiting for individuals to apply for jobs, very good organizations are always watching for high-caliber folks. In the same manner, organizations always have the urge for increasing the caliber of the creation and also competitively positioned on the market. Today, the part of leaders is extremely critical for the successful performance of various organizations. Personal learning activities like spending more time in the library conducting research on some essential facets of my professional field will likewise be considered. An expert development section can actually help you distinguish yourself from the competition. As a working professional, there are lots of tactics to broaden your knowledge, including enrolling in many courses, attending work shops and training programs, getting certificates, and much more.

Manipulation Of Power In George Orwells 1984 By George...

Manipulation of the Mind After capturing Winston Smith for thought crime, O’Brien describes real power as â€Å"tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your choosing† (Orwell 266). By this he explains that true power is being able to choose what people minds think. In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, Winston, a Ministry of Truth worker who hates the Party, slowly starts to disobey the Party rules such as having freedom of thought and individuality. He entrusts a Party member, O’Brien, with his secret for the hatred of the Party. O’Brien reveals that he is a high Party leader who will fix Winston’s corrupt mind. Throughout this novel, it demonstrates that government is controlling people’s minds and†¦show more content†¦Orwell also demonstrates that the government can manipulate people, as they grow older. He shows that children learn to think a certain way, as they are educated. For instance , Parsons, a man who strongly supports Big Brother, is turned into the Thought Police when his own daughter convicts him of saying â€Å"Down with Big Brother† in his sleep (Orwell 233). This demonstrates that the education children receive manipulates their minds into thinking the way the government wants. Parsons’ daughter learned to turn in people who did not support Big Brother even if it was a family member. The Party also uses the Ministry of Truth to manipulate its population with skewed history. Winston’s job is to change records of history so people only know the history that the government wants them to know. Through these lies, the government is able to control people’s thoughts and how they think. Orwell shows that people have lost their thoughts without even noticing since they have been taught to always think like so. He uses this to demonstrate that â€Å"if man [does] not become aware of the assaults on his personal freedom,† he wil l lose his right of thought (Bossche). Therefore, Orwell establishes that the government can be too powerful when they manipulate people without anyone noticing. Not only does Orwell show that the government controls its subjects mentally but they also do physically. When convicted of Thought Crime, these criminals endureShow MoreRelatedOppression and Dehumanization in George Orwells 1984 Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesOppression and Dehumanization of Society in George Orwell’s 1984: The Manipulation of Technology, Language, Media and History George Orwell uses his novel 1984 to convey that human beings, as a species, are extremely susceptible to dehumanization and oppression in society. Orwell demonstrates how a government’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history can oppress and degrade its citizens. 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Research Analysis on Special Education

Question: Topic is SPECIAL EDUCATION.You will need to demonstrate the ability to employ research methods used within your specialization. You are expected to critique research methodologies used by scholar-practitioners and compose responses identifying best practices in educational research. Answer: Empirical article-1 Idol, Lorna (2006). Toward Inclusion of Special Education Students in General Education: A Program Evaluation of Eight Schools, Remedial and Special Education, 27 (2): 7794 The research problem, questions, or hypotheses This article is based on empirical evidence from a evaluation of a program on provision of special education service in different level of schools and magnitude of the inclusion process of students living with disability in general level education system. RQ1: Whether there occurs the process of inclusion of the pupil with disability in general education system? RQ2: if yes, what is the magnitude and nature of inclusion? RQ3: What is the role of regulatory mechanism to tackle this issue? The research purpose To examine process of provision of special education services in different level of general schools in metropolitan area in terms of the magnitude of inclusion process for students living with disability in general level education system vis--vis regulatory mechanisms (Act on Education for All Handicapped Children, 1975). Study design Following a purposive sampling method, 8 schools were chosen for the study with consultation from executive director (chief administrator) of the special education program. Three criteria were followed in selection -- the schools had better developed special education programs in place, feeling of schools staff about the approach to education of students living with disability considered appropriate enough and the third one as the stage of process of inclusion. So half of all schools comprised from bottom with rest half were in top in the scale of no inclusion at bottom to the full inclusion at top most.The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data for program evaluation by use of personal interview technique with the teachers (educators) in the selected schools. The data covered most of the educators to best possible level than random sampling method, using structured interview under guidance from school administrators. Information were sought on the roles of the educat ors in providing education in the schools. In addition, state-wide testing data for students in selected schools were assessed for providing information on the effect of testing of the students living with disability upon the overall testing result for these schools. Addressing threats to validity For the quantitative data of the study 100 % of reliability check were undertaken in terms of inter-rater reliability to address the threats to internal validity. The findings and implications In terms of administrative support, the study finding clearly see a positive relationship between principals support with educators endeavor towards use of inclusion in all the 8 schools with special education facilities. This is found to be useful not only in provision of emotional support by the administrators (principals) but also material support to the educators to accomplish the relevant works in the school.In the finding the attitude of educators becomes clearer in terms of moving towards implementing inclusion process for students living with disability in the nearby general type of education class. This is also supported by all administrators.In terms of the service delivery options, a number of different options emerged to be significant for inclusion of special education program such as extra amount of consultative approaches, proper use of instructional assistants etc. In some schools covered under this study, special education educators offered their consultation service added with their whole assignment as a direct instructional teacher. The use of the available instruction assistants in a proper manner is reported for examination closely mainly by better training for their effective and efficient use.The evaluation brought out another important issue the need for professional development for educators related to inclusion covering topics like appropriate instructional and curricular modifications, extending support effectively to teachers of the inclusive type of classrooms in a number of options, consultative teaching, cooperative type of teaching, instruction assistants, and teams of teacher assistants. Significance of the findings (compelling case) The study findings greatly support that practicing of inclusion of the students in special education to the general type education program is really challenging in nature. A number of important factors that this study explores in the evaluation may guide the educators to more activate the fuller potential of the process of inclusion in special education. Empirical article-2 Wagner, Mary; Newman, Lynn; D'Amico, Ronald; Jay, E. Deborah; Butler-Nalin, Paul ; Marder, Camille and Cox, Robert. (1991). Youth with Disability- How Are They Doing: The first comprehensive report from National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students, Office of Special Education Programs U.S. Department of Education. Research problem, questions, or hypotheses The current article is based on a study on different experiences of youths and their outcomes when living with disability in specific domains of special education at secondary as well as post-secondary level and explains the factors behind them. The research questions are To understand the individual level as well as household level characteristics of the youth living with disability currently in secondary level special education. To study the nature of achievements of youth with disability related to their education, employment and independence. To find out the factors behind the educational, employment, and independence outcomes of youth with disability under special education The research purpose The purpose of the study is to assess the nature of problem faced by youths with disability currently enrolled in secondary special education and the factors behind them so as to work out possible program recommendations. Study design The study design followed in this article employs around 8,000 youth in the age group of 13-21 currently enrolled in selected secondary schools for special education for the period 1985-86. This sample was taken as national level representative for generalizations to youth as a whole.The data on experiences of youth were gathered in 3 key domains -- such as education, employment and personal independence. The operationalization of constructs shows that education components would examine the secondary and post-secondary program, experience and subsequent enrollment to higher class. The employment component covered the nature of employments during and after school and magnitude of earnings. The personal inter-dependence comprise of social level integration of youth with special education. Also the study aims to assess the factors behind success in lives of youths after special education.The study employed telephonic interviews with the parents, secondary information from school recent records of students under secondaryschool and survey of educators. Threats to validity The article as such did not mention any threat to validity, however the external validity of generalization is assumed under this study. The findings and implications The data analysis in the article shows that more than half of all youth students in secondary special education fall into category of learning disabled. Few of them were mentally retarded, with emotional disturbances. Most of such youths came from poor households with single parent, not living in a suburban community. These characteristic could have implication on their achievement in school and after wards.In terms of the performance and achievements, most of the youth in secondary schools with disability had some difficulty in few courses, with lower level of competency, higher absenteeism etc. There was clear absence of social bonds reflected in lack of affiliation with school or community groups, and the tendency of such youths to get into conflicts resulting in to disciplinary actions. However in terms of employment more than half of such youth could get paid employment quite similar to youth in general with similar rate of wage and salaries. While such youth with disability stu died under special education could maintain independent engagement, the levels of productive engagement did not improve markedly with elapse of time after youth left theirs high schools. Significance of the findings (compelling case) div id="leftwid" The study finding suggests even if there would be a host of explanations for achievements of youths living with disability and undergone the special education, importance of young people's identifying with social institutions and internalizing of various social values and the norms would be helpful. These may enable the students to have some positive experience in societal organizations. The article presents a compelling suggestion that these aspects may play the role for goodcitizenship, as taught at home and school, at an early age. Even the schools can provide support in social, athletic service and leadership for such youth to establish better social affiliations. Empirical article-3 Chambers, Jay G.; Parrish, Thomas B.; Lieberman, Joanne C. and Wolman, Jean M. (1998).What Are We Spending on Special Education in the U.S.?, Brief No. 8, American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences,Palo Alto, CA. Center for Special Education Finance. The research problem, questions, or hypotheses With the continual growth of special education enrollment by heightened numbers and with growing proportion of such enrollment after the Disability Education Act came into place, it become pertinent to develop proper understanding about the process of growth towards expenditure on special education expenditures. This article is based on the research question that seeks to understand the pattern of need, availability of sufficient data that can be used to assess the nature and magnitude of spending on special education The research purpose To examine the different data source in terms of their sufficiency and reliability to asses accurately the government expenditure pattern on special education. Study design The article examines different ways that are used to work out the current level of expenditure incurred towards special education, such as the recent most data on relative expenses towards special type need programs added with available existing information on current aggregate expenditures per student for educational related services.It uses alternate estimate of expenses towards special education in addition to special need program in the USA for the period of 1995-1996 and stat wise data from federal level survey for states during 1987-1988. Findings and implications The study finds that better refined information would be needed to provide accurate level estimates on current spending on special education budget of the USA. Having no data sources of recent and uniform nature for tracking the expenses incurred towards services in special education at state as well as federal level. It also observe that even when OSEP often collects annual information about the numbers of pupil living with disability added with allocations of such pupil among different placements, still there does not exist availability of any correct information at this time regarding the expenditure or the cost incurred towards these placements for estimation of total expenditure as such. Significance of the findings (compelling case) The article particularly presents the criticality of proper data on utilization of resources towards special education mainly during growth over interest across policy makers as well as teachers. This is towards implementing the much inclusive type of model of service delivery to meet the requirements of the pupil living with disability, and also students with high level of economic and education disadvantages. Empirical article-4 Carlson, Elaine; Brauen, Marsha; Klein, Sheri; Karen; Schroll, Sharon Willig, Westat (2002). Key Findings from the Study of Personnel Needs in Special Education, U.S. Department of Education Office of Special Education Programs. The research problem, questions, or hypotheses With the backdrop the teaching experience being considered as an important component of teacher quality, the research questions of the current article revolves around study of teacher attrition in special Education perspective and its relationship with workforce quality. The research purpose The purpose of this study is to present in details about personnel serving students living with disability by quality and factors behind workforce level quality. Study design The current study employs computer-assisted telephonic interview with a sample of national level representativeness comprising of 8091 service providers and 358 numbers of local administrators. This includes special as well as regular education teachers, special education para-professionals and speech-language pathologists. The interviews were undertaken during spring and fall of the year 2000. Threats to validity If not explicitly but the article vividly presents a possible threat to instrumentation validity such as difficulty in separate discussions of teacher quality and teacher quantity. This however may be taken n different data type to tackle the problem. The findings and implications The findings of this study find clear connection among shortage of quantity and quality of teachers. For instance, the posts meant for educators of students who had emotional disturbance or need for special education seemed often difficult to be filled. Also the teachers in those positions, in the form of a group, seem lesser better prepared compared to other colleagues there, that is they would have lesser level of experience thereby lower likelihood of getting certificate for main assignments of teaching. Significance of the findings (compelling case) This paper not only presents the significance of teacher for special education but also the problems behind availability of such teachers in terms of required quantity and quality. Empirical article-5 Landrum, Timothy J.; Tankersley, Melody and Kauffman, James M. (2003). What Is Special About Special Education for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders, The Journal of Special Education, 37 (3): 148156 The research problem, questions, or hypotheses Given that students often with emotion level or behavioral related disorders mostly experience poor level of school outcomes in comparison with other students having or not with any disability, many effective practices could be readily available for making the special education in case of such students who had some emotion and behavioral related disorder (EBD) significant. Specific research questions are RQ1: What are the practices based on research on working with pupils living with the EBD? RQ2: Whether such practices are properly implemented regularly in schools? RQ3: what is the uniqueness of these practices in field of special education? The research purpose The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of practices available for making special education for such students with some emotional and behavioral disorder significant. Study design Within 3 broad intervention areas of inappropriate behavior, academic learning problems, and interpersonal relationships, the current article endeavors to present a brief analysis of some empirically validated practices. Threats to validity There may be threats to external validity in this analysis as the generalization in changing context may be a problem. The findings and implications The study finds that specific type of researches conducted with participants with EBD may be necessary to make verification on the effectiveness of such intervention before the recommendations as best practices for children with EBD. The study also observes that validation of many such interventions can be done with students with varying quotient of learning, behavior as well as social related problems associated with the EBD. Significance of the findings (compelling case) The article emphasizes the significance of special education meant for pupil under EBD, and finds it special even when taken its full advantage with technologies available for behavior related and instruction led intervention. Alternate Research Method Idol, Lorna. (2006). Toward the Inclusion of Special Education Students in General Education: Program Evaluation of 8 Schools, Remedial and Special Education 27 (2): 7794 The research questions Given that most of the special education programs are far from implementing the process of inclusion and merely focusing on mainstreaming, the current article would like to focus on examination of special education services in varying contexts such as selected elementary and secondary level schools and examine the strength of inclusion process implemented to students with disability vis--vis general education classes. Hence the research questions it would address are: RQ1: How the inclusion process is conceptualized in varying contexts of special education mainly the elementary and secondary level? RQ2: What is the nature of implementation of inclusion and variations at different level? RQ3: Does the existence of regulatory mechanism catalyze the process of inclusion in special education? The research purpose The purpose of this research would be 2 pronged. One, it would assess the level of conceptualization of 'inclusion' in special education at 2 level of schooling elementary and secondary school. Secondly, the research would examine the extent of the implementation of inclusion against the role of regulatory mechanism (Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975) in the same. Study design The alternative research method would follow proportionate sampling in selection of type of school. So out of 8 schools in the metropolitan, the current study would choose 4 elementary schools and 3 secondary schools. The criteria to be followed in selection -- tempo of implementation of inclusion and differential in proportion of pupils with disability enrolled. This will help ensuring the internal validity is maintained. Considering the extent of association with the process of inclusion, the study would employ both quantitative and qualitative data for examination of indicators at 3 levels of respondents: Level 1 -- the persons associated with regulatory mechanism (Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975). Qualitative data through informal discussion based on semi-structured guideline will be collected. Level 2 teachers (educators) dealing with students under special education. Qualitative data through FGD (focused group discussion) based on structured guideline will be collected. Level 3 400 (statistical rule of sample size) parents of students from each school type following random selection. Quantitative data through personal interview using pre-coded structured guideline will be collected. The data from these 3 levels of respondents can answer all the 3 research questions (RQ 1, RQ2 and RQ3). The RQ1 will be examined from respondents at all the 3 levels in terms of differential in their perception on inclusion. The RQ2 will be tested from respondents at level 2 and 3; and the RQ3 will be examined from respondents at level 1 and 2. The strengths and weaknesses of new envisioned design and methods The strength with the new method remains at its endeavor to understand the factors behind inclusion process in special education at different level rather than seeing them at aggregate level. The weakness may be some perceptual variation among different respondents due to their exposure to the process and sensitiveness. Addressing threats to validity The alternative research method would follow proportional sampling in selection of school types keeping in consideration of tempo of implementation of inclusion and pupils with disability enrollment. This will help ensuring the internal validity is maintained. The data from qualitative methods will be triangulated among different level of respondents so that any possible instrumentation validity threat can be reduced. Plan of data analysis The qualitative data from the persons at regulatory board and teachers (educators) will be analyzed by triangulation method in terms of their understanding of inclusion and the implementation steps (to be) followed at different types of schools (elementary and secondary). The qualitative data from the teachers (educators) will be analyzed in terms of ease and problems in implementing the inclusion process in different types of schools. The quantitative data from the parents of students on actual experience of their wards disaggregated by different types of schools from educators and fellow pupils in social and technical integration will be analyzed. Significance and appropriateness of alternative research method over previous method towards contribution to theory The study findings has more significance and hence appropriateness over previous methods due to the disaggregate understanding of the concept of inclusion, hence differential in implementation. As theories have found that implementation leads to students ease in attending general schools, hence disaggregate analysis can find these factors better (Idol, 2006). and further course correction need that can bring out doable recommendations for policymakers (regulatory mechanism). References Carlson, Elaine; Brauen, Marsha; Klein, Sheri; Karen; Schroll, Sharon Willig, Westat (2002). Key Findings from the Study of Personnel Needs in Special Education, U.S. Department of Education Office of Special Education Programs. Chambers, Jay G.; Parrish, Thomas B.; Lieberman, Joanne C. and Wolman, Jean M. (1998).What Are We Spending on Special Education in the U.S.?, Brief No. 8, American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, Center for Special Education Finance. Christ, Theodore J.; Silberglitt, Benjamin; Yeo, Seungsoo and Cormier, Damien (2010). Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading: An Evaluation of Growth Rates and Seasonal Effects Among Students Served in General and Special Education, School Psychology Review, 39 (3): 447462 Ellen Brantlinger, Robert Jimenez, Janette Klingner, Marleen Pugach and Virginia Richardson (2005). Qualitative Studies in Special Education, Council for Exceptional Children, 71 (2): 195-207. Harris-Murri, Nancy; King, Kathleen and Rostenberg Dalia (2006). Reducing Disproportionate Minority Representation in Special Education Programs for Students with Emotional Disturbances: Toward a Culturally Responsive Response to Intervention Model, Education and Treatment of Children, 29 (4):779-799. Idol, Lorna (2006). Toward Inclusion of Special Education Students in General Education: A Program Evaluation of Eight Schools, Remedial and Special Education, 27 (2): 7794. Landrum, Timothy J.; Tankersley, Melody and Kauffman, James M. (2003). What Is Special About Special Education for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders?, The Journal of Special Education, 37 (3): 148156 Mason-Williams, Loretta (2015). Unequal Opportunities: A Profile of the Distribution of Special Education Teachers, Exceptional Children, 81(2): 247262 Xin Wei, Mary Wagner, Elizabeth R. A. Christiano, Paul Shattuck and Jennifer W. Yu (2013). Special Education Services Received by Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders From Preschool Through High School, The Journal of Special Education, 11(10): 113 Wagner, Mary; Newman, Lynn; D'Amico, Ronald; Jay, E. Deborah; Butler-Nalin, Paul ; Marder, Camille and Cox, Robert. (1991). Youth with Disability: How Are They Doing?: The First Comprehensive Report from the National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students, Office of Special Education Programs U.S. Department of Education.

Six Sigma Processes an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Six Sigma Processes by Expert Jayjay1 | 23 Dec 2016 Introduction Today, business environments demand that solutions not only resolve specific problems but also that they be replicable in other scenarios and yield the same results. Developed by Bill Smith for Motorola in 1986 to reduce error margins in production, Six Sigma practices have been adopted by industries and professionals as a standard of excellence (Keller, 2004). Though the primary motivation for adopting Six Sigma is in the improving the efficiency of processes and cost reduction, Winkler (2007) points out that it can significantly improve the professional and technical effectiveness in an organization. However, Dusharmes (2001) that there is also a need to evaluate managers Six Sigma experience. His survey indicates that Six Sigma practices have made the most significant impact on manufacturing and technical operations but did not have the same level of impact on improving on satisfaction ratings. Need essay sample on "Six Sigma Processes" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed As a manager in an electronics company, the realization that business solutions, however sound or proven they are, can not be simply accepted or expected to have the same results in every organization. Gales (2003) assessment of several application of Six Sigma as standards for projects and organizations indicates that the core of effective results is greatly dependent not so much as in applying the principles but adapting what aspects of it are used. The objective of this paper is to assess the significance of Six Sigma practices to my experience as a manager and how this experience can be evaluated with Six Sigma practices and results in other industries. In doing so, the study will support the identification of key factors to be considered in the development of Six Sigma frameworks, identification of projects were the principals can be applied and how to determine the rate of success of applying Six Sigma practices. Six Sigma Experience According to Harry and Schroeder (2002), one of the first introductions any manager gets about Six Sigma has been through the Motorola experience, thus, the positivist reactions to the practices. There is an assumption that Six Sigma practices will improve operations, particularly production, across the board, an almost simplistic view on the practices. In hindsight, my interest in Six Sigma was focused on the results that have been accomplished by Motorola Honeywell International and General Electric to name a few rather than to the results it will bring to my own organization. Though, there is no doubt that Six Sigma results are replicable, little did I understand that the degree of inpidualization of operations or Six Sigma applications needed to create the same results. Specifics My involvement with Six Sigma process involved the definition of roles and responsibilities, project charters, project selection, DMAIC processes and the pareto selection method. My participation was part of my administrative functions in the company and involved primarily needs identification, definitions of frameworks and parameters and manpower education. To facilitate the implementation of Six Sigma practices, mandatory orientation and education programs were required of middle to upper management officers. At the same time, focus group discussions were organized to survey how Six Sigma can be adopted by the organization. I attended all of the mandatory orientations and participated in two of focus group discussions as liaison for quality standards. The orientations lasted for six weeks which were then followed by focus group discussions that lasted for eight weeks. After four weeks, an operational and management plan was presented for evaluation and comments. The report was accomplished by a selected to team of the companys managers working with an independent company of consultants. The initial phase focused on logistics and delivery and was slated for a two-week test run to follow an evaluation by managers. Upon determination of the requirements that will be needed for full implementation, the framework was then adopted by the manufacturing department. Reflection and Observation One of the first I realized was that Six Sigma is not just about improving practices or accomplishing desired outcomes: it is also about admitting existing deficiencies in operations, practices and personnel that have been preventing the accomplishment of the goals. At the same time, I noticed that the definition of these factors differs from each inpidual which in turn challenges the development of collaborative perspectives about what has to be done. For example, if one is to focus on production, then yield is the ultimately goal but other perspectives are just as important. From a financial standpoint, cost is the primary concern while operations focus on production turnover. Regardless of the focus of the concerns, they all have an impact on the company and the effectiveness of Six Sigma processes. Another observation that I made was that there is still a need to further knowledge regarding Six Sigma processes and methodologies. This entails not only educating ones self on practices within ones own industry but also the application of Six Sigma principles in other industries and fields of interest like health or services. When I implemented the Six Sigma frameworks to my department, I personally realized the need to create collaborative platforms to evaluate the impact of the frameworks amongst staff and managers. Consequently, I also was surprised at the level of insight that could be developed and it occurred to me that Six Sigma is not just about accomplishing production or operational goals. More importantly, I discovered that it had the potential of revolutionizing the organization as a whole as well as inpidually, professionally and personally. Conceptualization My experience shows the tendency of people to want to adapt to trends without first understanding the requirements or implications of doing so. In the case of Six Sigma, there is no denying it its value as a management practice but there should also be realization that like any other strategy, it entails research and study before any application can be made effective (Kang et al, 2005). The core objective of the practice, reducing output and process variance, development of measurable business processes and sustaining improvement and development are not unique to Six Sigma. These objectives are common to all strategic management practices such total quality management (TQM) and lean production (Heuring, 2004). What ultimately Six Sigma does, I realized, is to bring down these objectives into a concise model, such as in the use of process capability studies, the organizations operational and performance objectives. Keller (2004) reasons that Six Sigma is not a management a cure-all but is a means of building the competencies to identify what needs curing, how it can be done and how the effectiveness of such efforts can be measured. Similarly, Dusharme (2001) advocates that there is a need for managers to continue their education regarding Six Sigma or to bring Six Sigma into the organizations culture instead of simply using it on a case to case basis. To my understanding, this means that there is a need to translate the conceptual foundations of Six Sigma into all management practices: Six Sigma is not to be just management practice, but should be its philosophy. At the same time, there should also be a realization of critiques and limitations to Six Sigma. Based on the survey done by Morris (2006) on companies using Six Sigma processes, Six Sigma principles allow limit the ability to respond with agility in changes to markets particularly in the entry of new product and substitutes. This king of weakness can prove to be fatal as most markets are aiming for liberalization or globalization. The realization is that as much as Six Sigma principles can improve effectiveness or capacity, it can not ensure competitiveness or profitability (Keller, 2004). Experimentation To validate management principles, one strategy is to use it outside the original settings that it has been developed. In the case of Six Sigma, this is to bring it outside of the electronics manufacturing industry. Another strategy I believe is to remove from the evaluation outcomes which it can not be used as a determinant. Based on these constraints, I have chosen to evaluate the effectivity of Six Sigma principles in clinical health testing such as in the case of picture archiving and communications system (PACS) used in radiology. In the study, the main concern is the development of a cost-effective database of radiological images used for clinical studies. At the same time, the database system had to determine, catalogue the quality of images. The researchers developed a cause-effect diagram as basis of the Six Sigma framework to be implemented. Cataloguing the sigma level requirements with resources of each element of the PACS, the research was able to determine what elements were utilizing too much of the systems resources. The research concluded that because of Six Sigmas low tolerance for error, the elements that had to undergo retooling were identified effectively and has been instrumental in achieving a level of zero defects in PACS quality and to streamline the system resources and in turn, the cost and requirements of the database (Kang et al, 2005). Conclusion I believe that like all management philosophies, principles or assumptions, there is a need to qualify the effectiveness of Six Sigma. This is not to diminish its value but rather to appreciate its real value: it allows for the development of specific solutions to ensure productivity and effectivity of business processes and objectives. Critiques of it need not be confrontational and instead should be made to improve it. I came to see that as much as we accept the changes that evolve in business, markets and organizations, we should also be able to accept that strategies and practices have to evolve as well. One particular incident has stayed with from the time I was still trying to educate myself about Six Sigma. As I was studying the implementation roles, an associated commented to me that the roles were based on martial arts ranks. It made recall a conversation I had with a karate enthusiast whom I asked about the significance of the belts in his sport. He told me that the belts was not to determine who was better than another but to determine the level of aptitude the student has in applying what he has learned in Karate. It occurred to me that, many of the basic principles of Six Sigma are not new but rather forgotten or have been lost in the need to communicate strategies and objectives in a professional manner. Is it not basic to want our outputs to be of uniform standard and quality? Shouldnt we have the capacity if what we are doing remains effective? Shouldnt we have a continuing commitment to improve and develop our business or organization? I believe that one of the real values of Six Sigma is that it has brought us back to the fundamentals of successful management. In conclusion, the experience I had with Six Sigma allowed me to grow as a professional and appreciate the idea of something that was new and novel. And this I am sure is one of the competencies that I will need to stay competitive, sensitive and responsive as a manager and as an inpidual. References Dusharme, Dirk (2001). Six Sigma Survey: Breaking Through the Six Sigma Hype. Quality Digest, November. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://www.qualitydigest.com/nov01/html/sixsigmaarticle.html Gale, Sarah Fister (2003). Building frameworks for Six Sigma success - Case Studies - quality management philosophy. Workforce, May. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXS/is_5_82/ai_101531687 George, Michael L.,Maxey, John,Rowlands David T., and George,Michael (2004).The Lean Six Sigma Pocket Toolbook: A Quick Reference Guide to 100 Tools for Improving Quality and Speed. New York: McGraw-Hill Harry, Mikel and Schroeder, Richard (2000). Six Sigma, Random House, Inc Heuring, Linda (2004). Six Sigma in sight: with Six Sigma techniques, managers improve processes and quality based on hard data. HR Magazine, March. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_3_49/ai_n6038393 Kang, Jin Oh, Kim, Myoung Ho, Hong, Seong Eon, Jung, Jae Ho and Song, Mi Jin (2005). The Application of the Six Sigma Program for the Quality Management of the PACS. Am. J. Roentgenol., November 185. pp 1361 - 1365. Keller, Paul A. (2004). Six Sigma Demystified: A Self-Teaching Guide (Demystified). New York: McGraw-Hill Morris, Betsy (2006). Old rule: be lean and mean. Fortune. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://money.cnn.com/2006/07/10/magazines/fortune/rule4.fortune/index.htm Winkler, Michael P. (2007). Design for Six Sigma. Army Logistician, July-August. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAI/is_4_39/ai_n19392963

Pasaporte americano - Todo lo que hay que saber

Pasaporte americano - Todo lo que hay que saber El pasaporte sirve para demostrar que una persona es ciudadana  de los Estados Unidos. Tambià ©n se utiliza para viajar al extranjero con la proteccià ³n de Embajadas y Consulados y como documento que permite regresar al paà ­s. Asimismo se puede utilizar como forma de identificacià ³n. Por ejemplo, para sacar la licencia de manejar o para llenar el formulario I-9 para probar que se puede trabajar legalmente en los Estados Unidos o para registrarse para votar. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo sacar el pasaporte americano, quà © hacer en caso de extravà ­o o robo, quà © otros documentos pueden utilizar los ciudadanos americanos para ingresar a los Estados Unidos y, finalmente, cà ³mo funciona la doble nacionalidad y cules son sus inconvenientes. Cà ³mo obtener el pasaporte americano Obviamente, sà ³lo pueden obtenerlo los ciudadanos americanos. A la hora de sacar el pasaporte  existe una diferencia en el proceso de solicitud segà ºn se trate de obtener el pasaporte americano por primera vez y cuando se trata de una renovacià ³n. Asimismo, deben respetarse unas reglas especiales cuando se trate de solicitar el pasaporte para un nià ±o. Estas normas estn encaminadas a evitar el secuestro de menores y es especial que uno de los progenitores saque del paà ­s a los hijos sin el conocimiento del otro, particularmente en los casos de separaciones o divorcios conflictivos. Obtener el pasaporte puede demorarse bastantes semanas, incluso meses. Es por ello que puede solicitarse su tramitacià ³n con carcter de urgencia tanto dentro de Estados Unidos como desde el extranjero. Eso sà ­, hay que pagar una cantidad de dinero a mayores por este servicio.   Robo o extravà ­o del pasaporte americano El extravà ­o del pasaporte debe notificase inmediatamente a las autoridades, siguià ©ndose distinto procedimiento si el hecho ocurre dentro de Estados Unidos o fuera. No notificarlo en tiempo puede dar lugar a importantes dolores de cabeza y a un robo de identidad. Tener en cuenta que si ocurre fuera de Estados Unidos  el proceso para obtener uno nuevo puede demorarse, ya que las oficinas consulares no cuenta con pasaportes en blanco y hay que esperar a que lleguen desde Estados Unidos. Otros documentos que se puede utilizar para ingresar a los Estados Unidos El pasaporte no es el à ºnico documento que permite a un estadounidense viajar al extranjero. La tarjeta de pasaporte  puede utilizarse en casos muy especà ­ficos y las tribus indà ­genas pueden tener reconocidos sus propios documentos de viaje para casos concretos. Este es un listado de todos los casos en los que se puede utilizar otras opciones distintas al pasaporte. Acelerar paso en el control migratorio Con los siguientes documentos es posible cruzar ms rpido por el control de Inmigracià ³n: Nexus: entre Canad y Estados UnidosSentri: cruce terrestre o marà ­timo entre Mà ©xico y Estados UnidosGlobal Entry y ACP para aeropuertos Cada una de estas opciones tiene sus propias reglas y sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Doble nacionalidad en los Estados Unidos Los Estados Unidos admiten las situaciones de doble nacionalidad, pero es siempre obligatorio utilizar el pasaporte americano para ingresar y salir del paà ­s y no se puede utilizar el otro pasaporte para este trmite. La doble nacionalidad indudablemente brinda importantes ventajas, pero tambià ©n tiene inconvenientes que conviene saber. Adems destacar que es muy difà ­cil, a dà ­a de hoy y con las leyes actuales, perder la nacionalidad americana, a menos que se realice una renuncia expresa. Este es un listado de 10 personas famosas que renunciaron a la nacionalidad americana por razones diversas. Hoy en dà ­a la mayorà ­a de las renuncias se hacen por cuestià ³n econà ³mica, para evitar tener que pagar impuestos en los Estados Unidos.   A tener en cuenta Los pasaportes alterados, mutilados o con hojas arrancadas no son vlidos. Tampoco se pueden hacer enmiendas, por ejemplo, cuando se cambia el nombre. En estos casos lo que hay que hacer se solicitar un nuevo pasaporte.   Todos los emitidos a partir del 1 de enero de 2007 contienen un chip de radiofrecuencia (RFID) en la parte posterior. Contiene informacià ³n de seguridad. Entre otros, datos sobre la fotografà ­a que permiten utilizar con mayor eficiencia las tecnologà ­as de reconocimiento facial de los puestos de control migratorio. Si por cualquier accidente el chip deja de funcionar, el pasaporte sigue siendo vlido hasta su fecha de expiracià ³n. Por à ºltimo, la manipulacià ³n de un pasaporte americano (tampering) puede ser castigada con una pena de prisià ³n de hasta 25 aà ±os. Curiosidad Aproximadamente sà ³lo el 46 por ciento de los ciudadanos estadounidenses tienen pasaporte. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Bernissartia - Facts and Figures

Bernissartia - Facts and Figures Name: Bernissartia (from Bernissart, after the region of Belgium where it was discovered); pronounced BURN-iss-ARE-tee-yah Habitat: Swamps and shorelines of western Europe Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (145-140 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Fish, shellfish and carrion Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long, pointed snout; two kinds of teeth in jaws About Bernissartia Except for its tiny size (only about two feet long from head to tail and no more than 10 pounds), Bernissartia looked pretty much like a modern crocodile, with its long tail, splayed limbs, elongated snout and powerful jaws. You might think a prehistoric crocodile this petite would have made it a point to stay away from larger reptiles, but Bernissartia appears to have shared the swamps of early Cretaceous western Europe with much bigger dinosaurs (which presumably left it alone in favor of less toothy prey). In fact, a handful of Bernissartia fossils have been discovered in close proximity to a specimen of Iguanodon, one possibility being that they were feasting on the carcass of this dead ornithopod before being drowned in a flash flood. One odd feature of Bernissartia, crocodile-wise, was the two kinds of teeth embedded in its jaws: sharp incisors in front and flat molars in back. This is a clue that Bernissartia may have fed on shellfish (which needed to be ground to bits before swallowing) as well as fish, and, as stated above, may also have subsisted on the carcasses of already-dead sauropods and ornithopods. One likely interpretation of this behavior is that Bernissartia roamed up and down the beaches of its presumed island habitat (during the early Cretaceous period, much of western Europe was submerged under water), eating pretty much anything that happened to wash up on shore.

Employee Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee Motivation - Essay Example Besides, Taylor was the first to identify other than material the needs of the employees and tried to include them into motivational process. Among the other, he hired doctors, nurses and psychologists to his company (Miner, 2005). 4 Maslow's theory of motivation: a revolution in organizational science. During 1950s the diverse approaches to human nature were united into a broad organizational approach. This period was the heyday of organizational science as during that time major concepts that motivation were developed. The most important of such theories is obviously Abraham Maslow's (1954) theory of motivation. Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" provided a framework for analysis why people work and how they may be motivated in the best way (McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 6 Goal-setting theory, developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, implies that the goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behaviour of employees. This theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behaviour. Specific goals, observing Locke and Latham, usually imply quantitative targets that motivate people to work more effectively. These goals are usually rather achievable, though not easy to achieve. Challenging goals, in their turn, are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are relatively easy to achieve (Miner, 2005; McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 9 Several factors moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals as well as with high levels of motivation, i.e.: 10 Goal commitment, which means that the more dedicated an individual is to achieve the goal, the more he/she will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. 10 Self-efficacy that is an employee's belief that he/she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy (Miner, 2005; McShane and Von Glinow, 2001). 10 Conclusions 10 FACTORS AND PROCESSES THAT AFFECT EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN ORGANIZATION Introduction Effective motivation is a corner stone of organizational functioning, development, competitiveness and, yet, effectiveness. Over the past decades, the way in which people are managed, promoted and stimulated at workplaces has become a primary key to assess and improve organizational efficiency and marketability and became a part of a general organizational strategy. In terms of globalization and rapidly changing business environment, as well as growing competitiveness on the market modern companies increasingly need to rely rather of skilled and motivated employees then on pure technologies and products. As Steve Jobs, CEO of legendary Apple Computers states, "in terms when technologies may be

Essay about the values of Enlightenment and Romanticism through

About the values of Enlightenment and Romanticism through painting - Essay Example History has shown us that man moves in pendulous ways. From nature to divine, from reason to feelings, from private to public, from objective to subjective. Art is the ideal illustration for these movements, and this essay will discuss the contrasting values manifested in two paintings belonging to the historical movements of the Enlightenment and Romanticism: William Blake's Newton (1795), and Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich. Although Blake is considered usually a romantic precursor in art, in this particular painting, he depicts precisely the most characteristic values of the Enlightenment era. I will also include a typically enlightenment-era painting, Mr and Mrs Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough (1748-49), in order to directly contrast the different movements.The Enlightenment era, which belonged to the Age of Reason, describes a historical intellectual movement of the 18th century, which advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system o f ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. "The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny now denominated as the Dark Age". (Cassirer, 1992).The Enlightenment believed in a rational, orderly and comprehensible universe. It extolled the ideals of liberty, property and rationality which are still recognizable as the basis for most political philosophies even in the present era. Science came to be the new man's religion, and based on the revolutionary ideas like Newton's, it was thought that all the truths of the world could be known by a systematic way of applying uniform laws. William Blake, an English poet and painter, made a series of pictures of Newton as a divine geometer while living in Lambeth in the late 1790s. Newton is portrayed here as a scientist, but at the same time as a divine figure, a creator. He is deciphering the laws of the world with his compass. The compass symbolizes the creation. We can clearly understand that rationality becomes the highest quality of human beings, and it challenges the existence of a divine being responsible for the creation. The enlightenment was a rebellion to the Middle Ages where faith wasn't to be questioned. Likewise, Romanticism was a rebellion to this age of reason. The Romantics found the Enlightenment worldview excessively dispassionate. With reason being the base for humanity's progress, the emotional side of man was set aside. Romanticism stressed strong emotion-which might include trepidation, awe and horror as aesthetic experiences-"the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy". (Romanticism, article by Wikepedia) Here is a painting of this artistic movement, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich, a 19th century German painter. His paintings portray the untamed power of nature; this is in sharp contrast to Enlightenment-era painters who used nature to bring out qualities in their human subjects. Mr and Mrs Andrews Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog What we can appreciate in the left painting is the power of nature versus the vulnerability of a man, a man who is alone against the world, a wanderer. The romantic worldview is charged with emotions such as fragility, drama, passion, and fate. The character here depicted seems to be at the edge of an abyss. In the second painting, nature is used on the opposite way, to bring out the qualities in the human subjects, the aristocrats. The colors of Friedrich's painting express the feelings of uncertainty, loneliness and vulnerability. While in, Gainsborough's Mr and Mrs Andrew, there is more a sense of confidence and stability. Nature is definitely more

Redevelopment of Manila City Jail Essay Example for Free

Redevelopment of Manila City Jail Essay Manila, Philippines—Filinvest Land Inc. has bagged a deal to redevelop a 1. 2-hectare property owned by the government that was the site of the old Cebu City jail on Salinas Drive in Lahug to turn it into a business process outsourcing complex. In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange on Tuesday, the property developer announced that it had submitted the winning build-transfer-operate proposal and complied with the requirements contained in the notice of award from the Economic Enterprise Council under the Office of the Governor of the Province of Cebu. The lot used to be occupied by the Bagong Buhay Rehabilitation Center and the Cebu City Treatment and Rehabilitation Center. â€Å"FLI remains bullish on the BPO sector and is rapidly expanding its office portfolio to meet the needs of the industry,† the disclosure said. â€Å"FLI believes that Cebu, in particular, has good potential for this business. † This represents an expansion of FLI’s interest in Cebu. It is currently developing the 50. 6-hectare Citta di Mare in the South Road Properties. Two mid-rise building projects, Amalfi Oasis and San Remo Oasis, are also currently being constructed under a joint venture with the Cebu City Government. Land development works on the Il Corso lifestyle strip are likewise ongoing. Other ongoing projects of FLI include One Oasis Cebu, a 3. 7 hectare mid-rise development with a total of 10 buildings adjacent to the Cebu Golf and Country Club. Two buildings have been completed and a third is targeted for completion by year-end. Finally, FLI’s Grand Cenia Hotel and Residences condotel has recently started operations as Quest Hotel and Conference Center, a three-star hotel complete with business and conference facilities. The Cebu project also scales up FLI’s BPO portfolio. As of the end of 2011, it had over 170,000 square meters of gross leasable area (GLA) from 12 buildings in Northgate Cyberzone in Filinvest Corporate City in Muntinlupa City and PBCom Tower in Makati City. At Northgate Cyberzone, another building is currently under construction and will add close to 20,000 square meters of GLA in the first half of 2013, while a 14th building is targeted to break ground within the year with a GLA of 13,000 square meters. Vector Two, which was completed in the fourth quarter of 2011, is fully taken-up and has been turned over for tenant fit-outs, the disclosure said. Meanwhile, FLI is constructing a five-storey building along EDSA across the Asian Development Bank building which is expected to be completed within 2012.

US v Moreno :: essays research papers

United States vs. Carlos Alfonso Moreno On July 12, 2004, Carlos Alfonso Moreno appeared before the United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit. He brought before the court an appeal challenging the district court’s calculation of his sentencing under the United States Sentencing Guideline. The panel determined after reviewing his case that an oral argument would not be necessary. They were able to look at the details of his case and make their decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Moreno was charged in district court with various drug offenses and with being a felon in possession of a firearm. He entered a guilty plea to possession with intent to distribute more than fifty grams of a substance containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine and possession of a firearm by a prohibited person In the pre-sentence report recommending Mr. Moreno's sentence, the Probation Officer added a point to his criminal history score as a result of September 2001 convictions for driving with a suspended license and for unsafe turning or stopping. For this earlier offense, Mr. Moreno was sentenced to six months in jail, with all but five days suspended, and six months of probation. The Probation Officer justified the addition of this point by citing the sentencing guidelines, which direct that sentences for less than sixty days should be given one point. The Probation Officer then determined that Mr. Moreno's criminal history points totaled ten, placing him at the bottom of criminal history category. The district court agreed with this result and calculated Mr. Moreno's total adjusted offense level to be twenty-five. The court subsequently sentenced Mr. Moreno to 100 months in prison, which is at the bottom of the 100 to 125 month range for an offense level twenty-five and criminal histo ry category 5. On appeal, Mr. Moreno asserts the district court erred by adding a point to his criminal history for the earlier sentence. Absent the additional point, Mr. Moreno would have been in a lower criminal history category and hence could have been subjected to a shorter sentence. However, because Mr. Moreno failed to raise an objection before the district court regarding the additional point for the September 2001 sentence, his sentencing stood.

A Day without Math

The teens of 2012 thought that the world might end was their biggest issue. As a teen of the twenty second century, I know how ridiculous their thoughts were. Of course, the world would not end., and it didn’t. However, the people of 1818 had a better reason to panic. You see, ever since that fateful year, the people of planet earth have lived without a subject known as math. Although there are several theories explaining the loss of math, I have been taught by my parents that the loss of math was because of a miscalculation.In January of 1899 while the American government was experimenting with ammunition, there was a catastrophe. A bomb was misfired and penetrated the troposphere. The weeks following the incident, several reports of severe migraines were filed. When the town of Seattle, Washington reported a dramatic change in math scores, the world began to realize the possible effects of the explosion. By the time the best scientists and doctors were told that recent serio us migraines might cause loss of math skills, they, too, had been effected.However, a few of the scientists who hadn’t been effected yet tested the air. They found a mysterious gas atom attached to the oxygen atom. They predicted that if they lost their math abilities too, then the epidemic was caused by the particle in the air. Sure enough, a few weeks later they, too, didn’t understand the concept of math and simple numbers. This is the story my family believes because this is what has been orally passed down to each generation.Another story I have been told is about my great-great-great-great grandmother, Eleanor, and her husband, Alexander soon before and after the disappearance of math. They were newly-weds, both in their early twenties when they woke up one January morning to a neighbor knocking on their door. â€Å"Breaking news, there is toxin in the air from the ammunition explosion this past winter that has been rumored to erase people’s knowledge of math. I would suggest staying in your house as long as possible, so you don’t inhale any bad air.†I’m so frightened. What will happen if numbers cease to exist? Our posterity is doomed!† exclaimed Mr. Fredrick. They did as they were told. They did their best, but eventually they succumbed to the migraines. It was very unfortunate because they thought it was a new chapter in their  life, but it turned out to be the end of a chapter that had just begun.In the following weeks and months, Eleanor, Alexander, and their community had to adapt to the major changes in their lives. The subject math was eventually dropped from schools’ curriculum. They had to learn how to live without money and reverted to the barter system. For directions, they started to use landmarks instead of using math to calculate the distance between two places.More people became farmers, so they could have fresh vegetables and meat that they could no longer buy at a local store. App liances that kept food cool or made food hot weren’t able to operate. Towns across America started to look like the towns in the medieval times. There were huge adjustments, but eventually people became used to living without math. The people of the twenty second century live similar lifestyles and don’t even think twice about living without math.I reside in the Bahamas on a banana plantation. We have some chickens, dogs, cows, goats, mules, and horses. I always wake up long before the sun appears on the horizon. I change and get ready for the day. Then, I head to the barn to do my chores involving the animals. When my chores are completed, I grab the basket of fresh eggs. After I return, I sit down to eat breakfast. As usual my meal was eggs, bacon, cheese, and milk. They are all products produced on my family’s farm. Once excused from breakfast, I hop on my bike and ride to school. I pass seven land marks before arriving at school. I know whether I arrive to s chool on time because the school bell rings every time the sun lines up with something on campus, like the soccer field or gymnasium.My first class is geography. We learn about places we can never visit. We can’t communicate with people outside of our town, so all the information we are taught has been passed down from the time when people could communicate internationally. I hope it’s correct because geography is my favorite subject. As the day progresses, I go to six more classes : english, survival class, agriculture class, p.e., animal care and safety, and socializing class. We have lunch after p.e. School lunch is different everyday, but it’s always something grown on a local farm. I don’t think school is terrible. From what I have been told, school was a lot harder when math existed.After school, I do my second round of chores. I never have homework because the teachers at school know that if students thrive and return the next day, they have applie d what they have been taught. Following my chores, I usually ride my bike down to the library once a week to grab a new book to read. Then I typically head over to a friend’s house to hang out. We usually do chores and talk. When I return home, I’m exhausted and get ready for bed. Before I finally get some rest, I pack my school bag for another successful day.As far as the mysterious particle that is still believed to be lingering in the air that erased human’s ability to perform complicated math problems, I don’t think it will ever vanish magically. If it did, I think society is so used to life without math that people wouldn’t even consider trying to re-learn math. It would be like trying to learn a new language, but no person would know the rules or simple concepts of it. It would have to evolve over centuries as it did before.

Monitor children and young people’s development Essay

Observation informal observations will be those which staff carry out each day as you work with pupils. These may be small but over time will enable staff to build up a picture of each pupil. Staff may notice, for example, that a pupil is able to understand new concepts very easily, or that they are holding a pencil incorrectly. It is likely that teaching assistants will discuss your observations with teachers as part of the feedback process after your work with pupils. A disadvantage of informal observations is that they may not be recorded and you might forget to pass on what you have seen to others. Staff may also be asked to carry out formal observations on pupils to support the teacher in assessing pupil’s levels of development. The assessments that are made – do you have progress charts or records that map children’s development, that you then have planned and unplanned times to evaluate, enabling you to support children’s development / be aware of t heir current stage of development? Assessment frameworks involve methods such as England’s EYFS profile, possibly baseline assessments for children entering a new setting, the way a setting assesses development for a possible 2 year progress check, P-scales are another method that may be used to assess the development of children with learning difficulties. Other materials from Early Support might be used. Standard measurement – school tests/cognitive aptitude tests that demonstrate a snapshot of children’s academic ability or skill at retaining taught information and that might then be used to compare outcomes between a larger population of same-age children. Health programmes that might measure head circumference, weight, height, visual and auditory functioning. Educational psychologists may use reasoning tests to assess an intellectual age in contrast to a chronological age.

Essay on Julie Bradbury

Essay on Julie Bradbury Essay on Julie Bradbury Julie Bradbury Knowles Court ICO 1 1.1 It is our responsibility as employees to take precautionary measures to help prevent and Control the spread of infection. We must attend all training provided by our employers regarding infection control and prevention. Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH), Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations (RIDDOR) and Personal protective equipment (PPE). Effective hand washing and wearing the correct PPE when assisting clients or dealing with waste which will reduce the spread of infection. We have a hand washing champion who does regular audits on our hand washing techniques to ensure we are doing it correctly. To ensure we clean equipment correctly to avoid spread of infection. Clinical waste goes into a yellow bag. Barrier nursing items for incineration goes in orange bags and black bags for household rubbish. White bin liners are used in the bins in toilets and bathrooms for used paper towels. Yellow cloths and mops for use in kitchen. Red mop and bucket for use in sluice and on body waste. Green cloths and blue mops for use in rooms. All bins are pedal operated so we do not have to manually lift lids. Hand washing before and after tasks. 1.2 It is the duty of the employer to provide a safe work place for staff, clients and visitors. The employer should provide the required personal protection equipment, training and information on Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations (RIDDOR) and Infection control. Procedures for disposing of rubbish and clinical waste. They should assess risks, and ensure procedures are followed. 2.1 Laws and legal regulations about infection control come under the health and safety at work act 1974 (HASAWA). It is to ensure a safe work place for employees and members of the public and employers by minimizing accidents at work. HASAWA introduced the need for monitoring health and safety, risk assessments, including infection prevention and control. The personal protective equipment act 1992 ensures that suitable PPE is provided to employees who may be exposed to a risk to their health. COSHH regulations act 2002 is the law that requires employers to control substances hazardous to health. RIDDOR regulations act 1979 means it is the duty of employers in control work premises to report certain serious work place accidents, dangerous occurrences and any outbursts of infectious diseases. ICO 1 2.2 Where i work we have policies and procedures on when and how to use personal protective equipment and cleaning routines to follow. This depends on what you are doing. IE cleaning toilet and bathrooms where body fluids are present, disposing of clinical waste, handling laundry which is soiled with body waste. When dealing with dirty laundry we wear disposable aprons and gloves. The clean laundry goes into colour co ordinate bags, white for clothes, green for linen, red for contaminated clothes and linen this then gets tied and placed into another red bag in the sluice. Disposal of household rubbish goes into black bags, yellow for clinical waste or orange for incineration. The local firm which collects these leave coloured lockable bins for us to use. Black bags go into blue bin with black lid. Clinical waste bags go into yellow bin with yellow lid, cardboard boxes go into white bin with brown lid, Orange bags for incinerating go into yellow lockable bin. 3.1 Outbreak of infection can be fatal if care is not taken. IE an outbreak of MRSA that can be resistant to antibiotics. There is consequences for all involved, Ill health, isolation and sickness of staff. The Organisation could be fined with not complying with the law. This is why company’s policy and procedures need to be adhered to. IE hand washing and personal protective equipment, Barrier nursing is used if a patient in known or thought to be suffering from a contagious disease, we use

Versus and Its Abbreviations

Versus and Its Abbreviations Versus and Its Abbreviations Versus and Its Abbreviations By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know more about the use of the word versus and its abbreviations: I have seen â€Å"versus† spelled out and abbreviated as both â€Å"vs.† and â€Å"v.† Is there any rhyme or reason to this word? The earliest citation of versus in the OED is in a legal context dated 1447: â€Å"John Husset versus John Notte.† The word comes from the Latin verb vertere: â€Å"to turn, turn back, be turned, translate.† Versus is the past participle of vertare. Its meanings in English include â€Å"against† and â€Å"as opposed or compared to†: The Parties Versus the People: How to Turn Republicans and Democrats into Americans Researchers examine autism differences in boys versus girls Depending on context, versus may be spelled out or abbreviated. The abbreviated form vs. is pronounced â€Å"versus.† The abbreviation for versus in the title of a case at law is the letter v followed by a period: Brown v. Board of Education Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission This legal abbreviation is usually pronounced like the name of the letter: â€Å"vee,† but I’ve heard lawyer characters on Law and Order say â€Å"versus.† Note: The title of a court case, like the title of a book, is italicized, including the v. In other contexts, the word versus and abbreviation vs. are not italicized. In British usage, the period after vs. is omitted. Versus, vs. and vs, are often used in headlines: Steelers hope breakout versus Colts only the start Dogs versus cats: Take the quiz! Minnesota launches deer vs. trees debate Babies vs Pets in Viral Advertising The Associated Press Stylebook recommends spelling out versus â€Å"in ordinary speech and writing† and abbreviating it as v. in court cases. According to AP, the abbreviation vs. is acceptable â€Å"in short expressions,† as in â€Å"The issue of guns vs. butter has long been with us.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureAcronym vs. Initialism20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Are rules or principles more important to any discussion of law Essay

Are rules or principles more important to any discussion of law - Essay Example However, on a balance, Hart’s theory of law is more important to any discussion of law. The discussion that follows examines both theories and demonstrates why Hart’s theory is most essential to discussions of law. Dworkin takes the position that law functions primarily on principle. By taking this position, he systematically rejects Hart’s rules’ principle. Principles in the context of Dworkin’s theory contemplate norms, policies and principles in general.3 Principles, for the most part will determine how a legal issue will ultimately be decided. While principles do not make law they are determining factors.4 Rejecting Hart’s contention that judges are permitted to use discretion in determining difficult cases, Dworkin maintains that judges are bound to consider standards used by previous judges. There is according to Dworkin an answer for every legal conundrum. The answer is found in society’s morals and values.5 Dworkin divides discretion into two categories. They are weak and hard discretion. With respect to weak discretion Dworkin concedes that judges are permitted to exercise discretion only by reference to his authority. However, Dworkin rejects the notion that judges may exercise discretion in the hard sense. In other words judges are not permitted to exercise discretion outside of his or her authority.6 The general right to exercise discretion implies that the decision maker is not bound by standards and authority.7 Hart takes an entirely different approach. Judges can only legislate to a certain extent.8 As a positivist, Hart advances the theory that law is the entirety of obligations and rules. There are some instances where ambiguous rules are applicable and the courts are forced to decide between two or more applicable rules. In such a case the judge is not bound by any particular authority or standard and has an unfettered discretion.9

Weekly Activity 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly Activity 9 - Essay Example There are many unfortunate institutional barriers which impede the process of protection delivery to women on campus despite good policies enacted by the government like the Jeanne Clery Act. This act requires all colleges and universities to provide emotional support to victims of harassment and sexual assault. However, women still lack safety on campus because in addition to this fact that many attacks go unreported, college administrators themselves demonstrate great disbelief when complaints are delivered to them by victims. This attitude discourages students who need reassurance in times of distress (Zeisler, 2014). In order to turn around the situation of women’s safety for good at my campus, I intend to remove all those institutional barriers which impede delivery of protection to women on time. For this purpose, weekly instructional meetings will be organized after study hours on campus to make students feel more motivated and determined about reporting bad things when they happen to them. It is the silence of women which has made sexual assault a silent epidemic. These meetings will bring together women’s groups and campus safety agents in one place to put a stop to this growing epidemic. Zeisler, A. (2014, 30 Apr). College Campus Safety: What Parents and Students Should Know. HUFF POST. Retrieved from

Suggest one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suggest one - Essay Example The challenges such that LTE devices faces are called VoWLAN. These include the quality of service security challenges. The paper will also discuss various Cloud-RAN technologies which have been applied to solve these issues. LTE ISSUES There are three key issues that the devices using LTE technology faces. These include packet loss, delay, jitter and the issues with the original wireless security standards. Packet loss It has been realized that the number of packets that reaches the destination is always less that the number of packets that were sent. This implies that some packets are lost along the network. The loss are attributed to two major ways. The first is through network packet loss as a result of overflow in the router buffer, transmission error, rerouting and link failures. The other packet loss is as a result of excessive delay (Guan Kolding, & Merz 2010). Delay The time that packets take from the source to the destination is a critical factor. The delay originates from different points such as at the receiver, at the network or at the source. The delay that occurring in either the source or the receiver result from coding such at the transformation of a signal from digital to analogue or from analogue to digital (Lorca & Cucala 2013). The delay also accrues as a result of packetization while the transmission, propagation or queuing causes network delay Jitter Jitter is the difference in the time taken by a packet to reach the destination. This issue is very common and the only way to handle it is to use a jet-buffer that contains both dynamic software base and the hardware. However, the implementation of jet-buffer should be done with intense care as it can cause other delays such as memory over-flows (Fletcher, 2009). Initial IEEE 802.11 MAC layer The original MAC layer used by IEEE 802.11 does not incorporate applications to support voice data especially its sensitivity to delay jitter. This is because the ordinary MAC layer utilizes DCF and PCF to allocate the medium. DCT depends on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance. This property as far as sharing the medium among station is optional in 802.11 RTS/CTS. The issue with DCF is the delay since the packets will wait until the medium is free in case there is a collision. Such an incident causes delay since the bandwidth is wasted. This is basically because of absence of Quality of service priority and guarantee for traffic such as data and voice. In addition, when a node detects that the medium is free and start to communicate; all the others have to wait until the communicating node frees the medium (Guan, Kolding, & Merz, 2010). PCF is mostly prominent in LTE since it is optional and only uses the infrastructure setups which are linked by a single access point. Cloud –RAN capabilities With the rising need for high data speed, the existing technologies and infrastructure can no longer provide the required performance at a cost effective level. The current radio access network should be very flexible and able to support various technological standards. It should also be cost effective and simple to upgrade. Cloud-RAN has proved to be the solution to all the issues in the LTE (Chang 2013). Cloud-RAN is a modern RAN topology that solves the issues present in the previous technologies. In C-RAN configuration, the baseband processing units are concentrated in a single base

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay It is an ancient common law rule that on a subject requiring special knowledge and competence, evidence is admissible from witnesses who have acquired the necessary expertise on that matter, and such witnesses are known as experts.  [1]  The foundation of the use of expert witness in court was laid down by Lord Mansfield in Folkes v. Chadd  [2]  that the opinion of scientific men upon proven facts may be given within their own science. Although opinion evidence is inadmissible as a general rule, the main exception to this rule is the opinion of an expert on matters resting within his expertise, and this exception applies in both civil and criminal cases. Regarding the civil proceedings, the statutory recognition of the exception is reflected by section 58(1) of the Evidence Ordinance (Cap 8) that an experts opinion is admissible on any relevant matter on which he is qualified to give expert evidence. However, there is an issue of potential conflict of interest on the expert w itness.  [3]  On one hand, an expert witness has a paramount duty to assist the court; on the other hand, he is remunerated for his services by one of the parties under the adversary system, which assumed a more partisan role for them at the expense of impartiality.  [4]   This essay aims to examine whether the aspiration of expert objectivity is realistic in our adversary system. In the next part, we shall discuss the problem of adversarial bias as well as the duties of expert witnesses. In part 3, the applicability of court appointed experts in Hong Kong will be examined with reference to the inquisitorial system. In part 4, we will explore the problems associated with the small population of potential experts in Hong Kong, followed by the courts power in dealing with expert disagreements in part 5. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn in the last part of this paper. The problems associated with expert witness It is often said that the principal danger of adversary expertise is motivational bias.  [5]  As expert witnesses are employed by one of the parties to the litigation and they would purposely mould their views to fit their clients proceedings. In fact, the problem of lack of objectivity in expert evidence is not a new phenomenon. As early as in Lord Abinger v. Ashton  [6]  , Sir George Jessel said: Undoubtedly there is a natural bias to do something serviceable for those who employ you and adequately remunerate you, and expert witness may even considered themselves as the paid agents of their employers. The problem of adversarial bias is also widespread in Hong Kong.  [7]  As identified in the Interim Report of the Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, a major problem concerning expert evidence is the partisanship and lack of independence among experts.  [8]  Thus, it is suggested by Professor Gary Edmond that partisanship may be an unavoidable feature of knowledge p roduction and expert opinion.  [9]   Another reason for lack of objective expert evidence is due to the problem of expert shopping, which is a process of selecting opinions from one expert after another, until the most favourable opinion to the partys case is found.  [10]  Since the choice of experts lies with the parties, the expert evidence is selected on the basis that would serve the best interests of their clients cases. Consequently the court does not necessarily obtain the most independent or objective expert evidence. The practice of selecting the most favorable expert is indeed a distortion of the rationale behind expert evidence as well as a discredit to the administration of justice. 2.1 The duties of expert witness Due to the concern about the failure of experts to provide an independent and objective opinion, a developed code of conduct has been set out in National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. (The Ikarian Reefer)  [11]  to clarify the duties of an expert witness. The most important parts are the first two numbered paragraphs, which stated that: 1) Expert evidence presented to the Court should be the independent product of the expert uninfluenced as to form or content by the exigencies of litigation  [12]  ; 2) An expert witness should provide independent assistance to the Court by way of objective unbiased opinion in relation to matters within his expertise  [13]  . The Ikarian Reefer guidelines remain a good law in Hong Kong, and the relevant principles were set out in paragraph L1/58/7 of Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2009. The expert witnesss overriding duty to provide independent and unbiased assistance to court is also reflected in Order 38, rule 3 5A of the Rules of the High Court (RHC) as well as the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness in Appendix D of RHC. Further guidance is provided in Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation  [14]  that an expert also needs to ensure no omission of material facts that could divert from his concluded opinion. Although the adversary system may not have provided an ideal environment for the expert witnesses to maintain their independence and objectivity from their clients, I believed that the promulgation of code of conduct would have raised awareness of the expert witnesses in meeting the courts expectations, so that they will be less easily manipulated by lawyers, which can tend to rein in the widespread problem of expert bias in Hong Kong. Court-appointed experts Apart from a code of conduct for expert witnesses, some commentators have recommended other ways to reduce the problem of expert bias, and one of them is the appointment of court experts with reference to the inquisitorial system. It is common for the court to appoint experts in many continental jurisdictions, such as Belgium, Germany and France. Unlike the way to appoint experts under the adversarial system, the expert witnesses are selected and remunerated by an independent authority, usually the court rather than the parties, which may avoid the problem of adversarial bias.  [15]  Take an example of the French system of expertise, the judge would normally commission the expert witnesses from a list of official experts, and they will be questioned by the judge.  [16]  The major distinction between the adversarial and inquisitorial system of justice is that the parties play a minimal role in locating evidence and they need not actively engage with the expert witness in court , as the expert witness is infrequently cross-examined by the defendants. As the court-appointed expert has little interaction with the parties, they are more likely to give an objective and unbiased opinion to the Court. Nevertheless, it is argued that the appointment of court experts under the inquisitorial system is contrary to the principles of the adversarial system of justice. Apart from the loss of right for parties to select their own expert witnesses, there are a number of arguments that go against the inquisitorial court-appointed experts. First of all, the main problem is that the court may place undue reliance on the evidence provided by the court-appointed expert, which may lead to an ultimate result that it would be the court-appointed expert instead of the judge who decides the case.  [17]  This is also highlighted by Lord Denning in In re Saxton that the appointment of a court expert in England is a rare thing, as the litigants realize that the court would attach great weight to the report of a court expert, and are reluctant to leave the decision of the case so much in his hands.  [18]   Second, it is difficult to ensure the validity or test the applicability of the expert evidence in inquisitorial systems due to lack of cross-examination and involvement of more expert opinion, which are fundamental features of the adversarial system. In the absence of challenges to expert evidence, its quality and reliability is therefore doubtful as there is no way to test the correctness of the expert conclusion.  [19]  Moreover, the exercise of courts power to appoint an expert is rare under Order 40 of RHC in Hong Kong. It is indicated in the case of Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration  [20]  that the Court of Appeal has declined an invitation to appoint a court expert. Consequently, the inquisitorial court-appointed expert is difficult to integrate in our adversarial system, especially the important feature of cross-examination which encourages critical scrutiny of the expert evidence is lacking under the inquisitorial system.  [21]  It is also of my view that the adversarial expertise may benefit the fact-finder in another way by providing a range of perspectives or interpretations that allows verification of the validity and accuracy of the expert evidence in Court. Problems with small population of potential experts As Hong Kong is confronted with the problem of parties obtaining hired gun experts,  [22]  the concern of expert bias may also arise when the employer of the expert witness is the prosecution. This is particularly the case for criminal prosecutions, where the expert witnesses are commonly and closely connected with the police or prosecution authorities. In fact, the small population of available experts in Hong Kong would render the reliance on expert witnesses employed by the prosecution inevitable, for instance, police officers may be called by the prosecution as witnesses to give evidence in drug cases regarding the average dosage of drug addictsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. One may nonetheless argue that relying on the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses to provide opinion evidence would prima facie cast a doubt on their independence and objectivity in that case. Thus, it raises the problem of whether it is possible to restrict the officers of the prosecution from giving opin ion evidence as an expert in his field to support the prosecutions case. In R v. Chung Chen Hsin  [23]  (Chung), a police officer ballistics expert, who was possibly connected with the investigation, was called by the prosecution as witness to testify for them that the unusual weapon found in the defendants hand luggage was a firearm. The court has made some important points regarding the right of the prosecution authority to call its own officers as expert witnesses to offer opinion evidence. It is held that there is no requirement in a criminal proceeding where the expert witness ought to be independent of the prosecution authority, but a witness who is competent and properly qualified to provide his expertise would suffice.  [24]  Judge Stuart Moore also challenged the judgment in R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd.  [25]  by claiming that it was not a material irregularity for the prosecution to have called a properly qualified expert from the same department responsible for that prosecution, and there must be powerful reaso ns to cast a doubt on the expert called by the prosecution in order to justify the refusal to allow the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses.  [26]  Moreover, even the expert witness is so closely connected to the case that he may be biased in favour of the prosecution, it is ultimately a matter remained for the jury to assess the weight to be attached to his testimony and the question of admissibility is irrelevant. The rationale in Chung was reaffirmed in many recent cases, such as Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport  [27]  , where the court held that an experts evidence was not inadmissible merely due to the fact that he or she was an employee of one of the parties to the case. With limited human resources in Hong Kong, the fact that many expert witnesses have been employed by the party calling them is nearly inevitable, especially for the technical matters that require highly specialized experts to offer their opinion evidence. Despite the possible lack of independence of the expert witnesses employed by the prosecution, it has been made clear by the Hong Kong courts that the expert evidence would not be excluded merely on that basis. Even though the expert witness may have produced a biased opinion due to his or her vested interest in the outcome of the case, it is only relevant to the weight to be attached to that experts testimony rather than the admissibility of evidence. Expert disagreement With one of more expert witnesses giving opinion evidence at court, it is possible to have a clash of opinion between opposing experts. In fact, we may divide the discussion into two parts: one is the role the judge if this situation happens at the trial; while the other is the judges powers to limit the extent of expert disagreement before the trial. First of all, if there are conflicting experts opinions during the trial, the judge will need to direct the jury correctly. It is held by the Court of Appeal in Plait  [28]  that the judge should not direct the jury in a way that it is a case of choosing between their opinion evidence. Rather, the jury should consider if there is a reasonable possibility that either the opinion of the prosecution or defence expert, when taken in conjunction with all the other evidence, is correct; then the jury should proceed on that basis. For the second part, the introduction of Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong has offered the courts more control over the expert evidence, including measures to reduce the expert disagreement before the trial. The most common way for the court to narrow expert disagreement is to direct an expert meeting and joint report  [29]  , where the experts of both sides will meet before the trial and indicate clearly in the joint report the reason for their disagreement with each other. The direction is supported by Justice Wood that experts moderate their opposing views in the expert meeting, or even reach agreement on the controversial aspects of their expertise.  [30]  It is also noticed that the experts have a duty to attend this pre-trial meeting and conclude with a proper joint report, or otherwise, the defaulting expert would have breached paragraph 12 of the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness. Furthermore, the court has an option to order the appointment of a single joint expert under Order 38, rule 4A of RHC. Under this scheme, parties may jointly choose the single joint expert, or the court can select from a list prepared by the parties or any manner as the court may direct. Although the use of single joint expert may allow the fact-finder to have a simpler and less-biased picture over the technical matter, it is stressed in the Woolfs final report that the appointment of a single joint expert is mainly used to deal with the problem of excessive and inappropriate use of experts instead of bridging the differences of opinion between experts.  [31]   As a result, it is believed that the direction of pre-trial expert meeting and joint report will be more useful to narrow the conflicting opinion between experts rather than the appointment of a single joint expert. Conclusion With increasing technological sophistication of issues in courts, it is no doubt that the expert witness is playing a more significant role in the judicial process. Unlike other witnesses, the expert witness has an overriding duty to the court to provide objective and unbiased opinion evidence. An absence of independence and objectivity on the part of the expert witness would be prejudicial to the court, and consequently lead to a devaluing role of the expert witness in the court proceedings. It is opined that the introduction of the code of conduct as well as the new rules under the Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong have evolved new roles for the expert witness. By setting court expectations in respect of the expert evidence, the expert witness would strive to meet the high standards and adhere to their duties and responsibilities listed in the rules. Despite the effort of the expert witness, I believe the concerted efforts by all streams of the judicial system are also vital to restore not only the credibility of the role of expert witness, but also publics confidence in the administration of justice. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS M. R. Damaska, Evidence Law Adrift (New Haven London: Yale University Press, 1997) Mike Redmayne, Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice (OUP, Oxford 2001) Peter Murphy, Murphy on Evidence (10th edn OUP, Oxford 2008) Simon NM Young, Hong Kong Evidence Casebook (Sweet Maxwell Asia, Hong Kong 2004) ARTICLES REPORTS Charles Pugh Marcus Pilgerstorfer, Expert Evidence: The Requirement of Independence (2008) Journal of Personal Injury Law 224. Chief Justices Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, Civil Justice Reform: Interim Report and Consultative Paper (2001) Gary Edmond, After Objectivity: Expert Evidence and Procedural Reform 25 Sydney Law Review 131. Gary Edmond, Judicial Representations of Scientific Evidence (2000) 63 Modern Law Review 216. J.R Spencer, Court Experts and Expert Witnesses: Have We a Lesson to Learn from the French? (1992) 45 Current Legal Problems 213. Lord Woolf MR, Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales (HMSO, London 1996) Peter Alldridge, Forensic Science and Expert Evidence (1994) 21 Journal of Law and Society 136. Samuel Gross, Expert Evidence (1991) Wisconsin Law Review 1113. NEWSPAPER Cliff Buddle, Judge calls expert witness mercenary SCMP (22 March 2002) EDT 7. ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Justice Sperling, Expert Evidence: The Problem of Bias and Other Things (1999): accessed 13 March 2011. Justice Garry Downes AM, Expert Evidence: The Value of Single or Court-Appointed Experts (2005): accessed 13 March 2011. Michael Wilkinson, Recent Developments Affecting Expert Evidence in Law Lectures for Practitioners (1991): accessed 13 March 2011. CASES Folkes v. Chadd [1782] 99 ER 589 Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation [2004] 2 HKLRD 702 In re Saxton [1962] 1 WLR 968 Lord Abinger v. Ashton [1874] 22 WR 582 National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep. 68 Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration [1990] Civ App No 135 of 1990 Plait [1981] CrimLR 332 Polivitte Ltd. V. Commercial Union Assurance [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep. 379 R v. Chung Chen Hsin [1996] 1 HKCLR 120 R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd. [1996] 2 HKCLR 26 Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport [2004] 2 HKLRD 284 Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 WLR 246